Blotting Techniques PPTSouthern blotting is used to assess for. ME_URBAN_WAR. Blotting Techniques PPT. Dalam implementasi teknik WB. • After incubation, the protein bands (immune complexes) are visualized with. 52 Western blot can. 3 Reverse Dot Blot. 3. Immunoprecipitation: Procedure, Analysis and Applications ajithnandanam. 2. Origin and utility of the reverse dot-blot. Separated by electrophoresis 4. Different blotting is used to detect different type of macromolecules such as southern blotting is used for DNA analysis, western blotting is for protein analysis, northern blotting is for RNA analysis and eastern for carbohydrate detection. Southern Blotting: DNA is detected with a hybridization DNA or RNA probe. The subprotocols 4, 5 and 6 describe direct spotting of RNA on to a membrane filter (dot blot). The technique is known as DNA transfer or 'Southern blotting' Professor Sir Edwin Southern. There is also lot of blotting methods like nothern,southern,western blotting. Our results therefore suggest that, direct DNA sequencing may be preferred over reverse dot-blot PCR in critical diagnostic situations like genetic counseling for prenatal diagnosis. Diagrammatic representation of three methods of detection antigen to membrane using biotin or streptavidin. A screening test, comprising. Timeline of events and techniques in molecular diagnostics. Fijar el ADN al soporte mediante calor o UV y continuar con do blot tradicional. Underestimation of protein concentrations by the BCA assay. Western blot experiments typically include a small number of observations. The technique was discovered by Edwin. Blotting techniques includes southren,northern,western and dot blotting. IMMUNOBLOTTING • Viral antigens are detected with a polyclonal or a MAb onto nitrocellulose paper. • An Immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a. A Southern blot (also called a Southern Transfer) is named after Ed Southern, its inventor. An overview of western blot analysis covering protein separation, transfer, blocking, buffer formulations, primary and secondary antibodies, and detection procedures. Western blotting is an important procedure for the immunodetection of proteins, particularly proteins that are of low abundance. The size and position of precipitation bands provides the same type of information about antibody amount as the double immunodiffusion method. Year Event/Invention Reference 1949 Categorization of sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease [19] 1957 Phosphonate synthesis assay for small oligodeoxynucleotides [20]Abstract. SOUTHERN BLOTTING The technique was developed by E. It represents a simplification of the western blot method, with the exception that the proteins to be detected are not first separated by electrophoresis. • Western blot for Proteins was Developed by George. • After incubation, the protein bands (immune complexes) are visualized with peroxidase-conjugated protein and a colour reagent. (2006) using the microfiltration dot blotA Dot Blot Technique . • The hybridization procedure is the same as in original blotting techniques. Denature DNA 5. The dot blot procedure is a well-validated technique, and its use is an alternative to avoiding the protein separation process although the equipment available on the market requires the use of a larger amount of the sample, the amount of sample is between 50 and 100 microliters. This enables radiolabeled or enzymatically labeled. Anal. 5. The probe hybridizes to its complementary sequence and the hybridization product is detected with a. The dot-blot hybridization is a nucleic acid hybridization technique where complementary single-stranded sequences of the probe (either RNA or DNA) hybridizes with single-stranded sequences of the test samples (either RNA or DNA) under suitable. W estern blot is the analyti cal technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics, and other molecular biol ogy to detect specific proteins in a sample of tiss ue homogenate or extract. (1982. Transfer to nitrocellulose paper (blotting) 6. Blotting techniques includes southren,northern,western and dot blotting. Dot Blot Hybridization Technique: Definition, Principle, Procedure and Applications. ppt. Northern Blotting 3. The simplest protein blotting procedure, known as dot blot or slot blot, uses vacuum1. The Muscular. Types of blotting techniques. Traditionally used for mapping known proteins on electrophoretically resolved mixtures, in the proteome era immunoblotting has been combined with two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis for the rapid. It follows a similar principle to Western blotting, except the sa. 4 The aimofthisstudywas tostandardizeandvalidationthe dot-blot technique for the serological diagnosis of bovine bru-cellosis, and compare the results obtained by this technique with the ones found in the official tests: complement fixation andA typical blotting experiment involves these 4 steps: gel electrophoresis of the sample. Western blot It is used to detect protein. Blotting technique has become widely used for specific identification of nucleic acid and proteins. For the quantification of certain proteins of interest within a complex sample, Western blot analysis is the most widely used method. It is for detec. Open in figure viewer PowerPoint. . Hybridization: It is the process of forming a. Muhammad Awais. Blotting techniques ppt. Northern Blot It is used to detect RNA. In this presentation the three types of blotting are explained briefly. Introduced by Towbin, et al. • The northern blot is a technique used to study gene expression by detection of RNA in a sample. However, while agaroses gel are typically. Western blot , une méthode pour des protéines est également une pièce de. The Southern blot method may also be used to determine the molecular weight of restriction fragments and to measure relative amounts of DNA in different samples. Hopefully, you’ve found this brief article series useful in informing you on the dot blot technique. Radiolabeling Technique Radiolabeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation) through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell, called radiolabeling technique. It is mostly used in gene. many cases a protein. Prasad Naidu. from the adoption of this technique in the molecular biology and bio-technology fields. This step is known as probing. 7. Monoclonal antibody production SrilaxmiMenon. Creating the Sandwich The sandwich consists of : filter paper Nitrocellulose membrane gel matrix another piece of filter paper. Dot and slot blotting are simple techniques for immobilizing bulk unfractionated DNA on a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane. There are three important types of blotting techniques are: 1. 14. Then a sheet or membrane of nylon or similar material is laid under the gel and the DNA, in its separated position (bands or. TYPES OF BLOTTING TECHNIQUES Blotting technique It is used to detect protein. This study indicates that dot-blot hybridization. . pdf), Text File (. ppt), PDF File (. The proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and the membrane was blocked with 5% skim milk in TBS + 0. We have successfully used the same technique to quantify other mRNAs such as those coding for the myosin heavy chains and the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase ( 13, 14 ). The technique is actually very similar to the Western blot, but dot blot, for. • The northern blot is a technique used to study gene expression by detection of RNA in a sample. In cells, they exist as a mixture. • Blotting are techniques for transferring DNA, RNA and proteins onto a carrier so they can be separated, and often follows the use of a gel electrophoresis. • Western blotting is called so as the procedure is similar to Southern blotting. u0001. (A) Reverse dot-blot analysis for a family (Bo: father, Me: mother and Con: children). Therefore, Northern blotting is arguably a technique that provides highly valid gene expression data , and is often used as a gold standard for the validation of data obtained from high-throughput gene expression analysis [9, 13]. 7. The use of the technique to. 4. Show more. However, running SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting is cumbersome and results are not quick. We further used the two techniques to explore the effects of mutating residues located in the GGMP repeat and linker motifs of PfHsp70-1. It is similar to western blotting, but does not require separation by electrophoresis. Extract & purify DNA from cells 2. 1. Dot blot is a simplified procedure in which protein samples are not separated by electrophoresis but are spotted directly onto membrane. DefinitionA dot blot (or slot blot) is a technique in molecular biology used to detect targeted proteins. The test performance is either manual, semi- or fully automated. 10. A Red-Dot-Blot Protein Assay Technique in the Low Nanogram Range. If the volume to be added to the membrane is small (ca. T. 4. Page 4. This technique is helpful in detecting the. Multiple. Moreover, the simplicity of conducting the northern analysis experimentally as well as its economic feasibility has globally propelled this technique as the method of. Instead, the sample is applied directly on a membrane in a single. Whether the DNA sequence is present or not. Here, I describe a simple protocol to quickly check the presence of recombinant protein in cell cultures using a dot-blot experiment. Southern Blot It is used to detect DNA. The most commonly used protein blotting technique, western blotting (immunoblotting), was developed as a result of the need to probe for proteins that were inaccessible to antibodies while in polyacrylamide gels. A protein sample is subjected to electrophoresis on an SDS- polyacrylamide gel. Southern, the. Application of Western blotting. For larger volumes or when making quantitative measurements, dot. W estern blot is the analyti cal technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics, and other molecular biol ogy to detect specific proteins in a sample of tiss ue homogenate or extract. Southern Blot. 3. The Southern Blot allows the visualization of one DNA fragment from a whole genome DNA. It has been a widely used technique for over three decades. BLOTTING • A molecular technique of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier or membrane. DOT BLOT TECHNIQUE This technique is used to detect the presence of a given sequence of DNA/RNA in the non- fractionated(not subjected to electrophoresis). INTRODUCTION 4. Ashish Patel, Ph. For larger volumes or when making quantitative measurements, dot-blot or slot-blot apparatuses are available. 88, 0. The protein once immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane can be probed with a primary antibody specific for the protein of interest. It is traditionally used to detect low amounts of proteins in complex samples or to monitor protein expression and purification. Northern blotting ppt latha13061996. 100% for the DNA dot-blot assay, 100% for immunoperoxidase staining and 93. A Review of DNA Structure DNA is a negatively charged, double-stranded molecule composed of deoxyribonucleotide units that each contain the sugar deoxyribose, phosphate and one. In the first step, DNA is digested with restriction enzymes and separated by gel electrophoresis (as discussed above). Abstract. This dot assay was modified to detect protein by spotting the antigen on a nitrocellulose membrane and incubating the membrane in test antibody followed by incubation in peroxidase-conjugated second antibody to the first antibody, and by. Principle of Southern Blotting Southern blotting is a hybridization technique for identification of particular size of DNA from the mixture of other similar molecules. 5. Separated by electrophoresis 4. 3% comparing to. Validation of a Dot-Blot quantitative technique for large scale analysis of beef tenderness biomarkers. 1. 4) for 1 hour at room temperature. b Dot blot assays were set up with raised rabbit anti-BEFV or negative control antiserum. Western blot, also known as immunoblotting, is the process of separating proteins and identifying them in a complex biological sample. 1K views • 23 slides Your Step-by-Step Guide to Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Creative BioMartPulsed Electric Fields for Food Processing Technology-ppt. Blotting techniques ppt. It follows a similar principle to Western blotting, except the. , 2015; Castañeda-Cabral et al. It is relatively simple to perform, inexpensive and not. Kashyap karthikeyan M. techniques in order to collaborate for the control and eradication of brucellosis. , 1979), protein blotting has become a routine tool in research laboratories. 5 Optimization of Blocking Reagents 31 1. techniques: •Restriction enzyme analysis •Agarose gel electrophoresis •Hybridization analysis –After electrophoresis, DNA molecules are transferred from the agarose gel onto a filter membrane for probe hybridization. 25K views•23. The difference between dot and slot blot procedures is in the way that the nucleic acid mixture is blotted onto the membrane. Blotting is used for a selection of recombinant plants . Western blotting, also called immunoblotting, is a widely used and accepted technique to detect levels of protein expression in a cell or tissue extract. secondary probe is biotinylated anti-immunoglobulin. Adjust each dot to the same volume by dilution with PBS if needed. a) Dot Blotting b) Mass spectrometry c) Western Blotting d) microarray 29) Western blotting technique is the confirmatory test for. 2. 2 μl of. Dot-blot hybridization provides a simple, easy, and fast way to quantify the relative concentration of ANF mRNA within cardiac tissue. Blotting techniques Dr. Alpha thalassemia (α-thalassemia) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to the reduction or absence of α globin chain production. Blotting techniques Dr. 6. Cont…. 68. Western Blot 136659145. The key feature of Dot blotting is the use of immunodetection to. – PowerPoint PPT presentation. BLOTTING TECHNIQUES Definition: Visualization of specific DNA , RNA & protein among many thousands of contaminating molecules requires the convergence of number of techniques which are collectively termed BLOT transfer 1. 4. This technique is the first nucleic acid technique that is developed in 1975 by E. The southern blot is used to detect the presence of a particular DNA fragment in a sample. A “sandwich-type” dot-blotting improves the usability of fluorescent detection technique To improve the user-friendliness and the specificity of the detection technique above, we devised a “sandwich-style” dot blot assay employing both anti-Ac and mAb-29, in which the bacterial cells were concentrated by the anti-Ac pre-coated on the. Amplified DNA samples were hybridized to strips, each containing normal (A) and mutant (T) oligonucleotide probes for the particular defect and positive. Immuno-northern blotting using antibodies against modified nucleosides. 3. 6. Extract & purify DNA from cells 2. 2. METHODOLOGY A general dot blot protocol involves spotting 1–2 microliters of a samples onto a nitrocellulose or Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane and letting it air dry. It is used to. The dot blotting technique significantly saves time because it does not require chromatography, gel electrophoresis, or complex gel closure procedures, and isProtein blotting was originally described in 1979 as an outgrowth of nucleic acid techniques, and received its commonly used designation of 'Western' blotting in 1981. to this method is hybridization. This method provides a rapid, accurate method for diagnosis of beta thalassemia among African-Americans and other ethnic groups in which beta thalassemia occurs. Blotting techniques. The technique was developed by E. Pulsed Electric Fields for Food Processing Technology-ppt. Complementary single-stranded. Sample sizes in blot experiments are rarely large enough to justify. The PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturation of 5 min at 95°C, 35 cycles at 95°C for 30 s, 55°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 45 s and a final extension step of 10 min at 72°C. The in-house reverse dot blot hybridization (RDBH) assay has been widely used in the spoligotyping technique for M. Tulio E. We. Northern & Southern Blots presentation. A sample Dot-Blot (spotted by 384-pin head ), with 0. 1. • The process of transfer of the denatured fragments out of the gel and onto a carrier membrane makes it accessible for analysis. Northern Blotting:. 9K views•30 slides. This method is also called “immune blotting” because of its nature to use an antibody for specifically identifying its antigen and also protein blotting. The second strip precludes the need for more technically challenging methods. 135. 6. Dot Blot And Slot Blot Ppt | Welcome Bonus! - Situs Judi Slot 777. However, one disadvantage of these methods is. Northern blotting (for RNA) 3. 43. Dot blot is a simple and rapid technique for the detection of proteins. 93. Western blotting is an immunoblotting (protein detection) technique combining the separation power of SDS PAGE to assess the presence, amount and molecular- weight of proteins in cellular or tissue extracts by using antibodies. Using Reverse Dot Blot method, 5 common CFTR mutations were analyzed in this study in 30 CF patients (13 males and 17 females) aged 6 weeks to 11 years, originating from Mazandaran province and presenting acute or persistent. 3. Eastern blotting is a biochemical technique used to analyze protein post translational modifications (PTM) such as lipids, phosphomoieties and glycoconjugates. • Probes used in hybridization reactions are usually chemically synthesized DNA or RNA that has been labelled with fluorescent dye or radioactive isotope. Determination of molecular weight of proteins binding to DNA is also made possible by the technique. 4. txt) or view presentation slides online. Blotting techniques - Download as a PDF or view online for free. A simple and reliable technique for SNP genotyping, namely dot-blot SNP analysis, has been applied for practical plant breeding programs and has a potential for accelerating foxtail millet. BLOTTING• A molecular technique of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a. Dot-blot analysis with competitive hybridization provides a highly reliable, simple, and cost-effective technique for SNP analysis of a large number of samples, and this technique is expected to realize the practical use of a novel breeding method. 4. The cells can be rapidly lysed and directly spotted on the nitrocellulose membrane. Serial dilutions of HeLa cell lysate (7. Southern blotting is a method used to tran sfer DNA from an agarose gel to a membrane, where the DNA can be subsequently probed fo r a specific sequence. Ensure that the blots are dry before going to the next step. 9K views•44 slides. NORTHERN BLOTTING 3. PCR products were visualized in 1% agarose gels and purified using the GFX PCR DNA and gel band purification kit (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom). Southern blotting Northernblotting Westernblotting. Slot blotting is the quickest, easiest, and, apart from polymerase chain reaction, probably the most sensitive assay of transgenic animal genotype (1). Despite the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques, the routine method employed in the. Follow. and molecular techniques in diagnostics is represented in Table1. Commercial test have been developed for human leukocyte antigens class I and class II regions of human. Fig. The northern blot technique was developed in 1977 by James Alwine, David Kemp, and George Stark at Stanford University, with contributions from Gerhard Heinrich. Norvell (Tex). In recent years, far–western blot. What I usually do is after activating PVDF membrane with methanol for 2-5 minutes, use Western-Blotting transfer buffer (usually is Tris/Glycine buffer containing 20% methanol. genome. Southern blot is a method used for detection and quantification of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. The technique is a modified version of the Southern Blotting, which was discovered for the analysis of DNA sequences. Southern Blotting: Developed by E. Western blotting • Western blot is the analytical technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics and other molecular biology to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. A blot resulting from 1-dimensional. Dot blot refers to the deposition of a protein solution directly onto the membrane (20 ). The size and position of precipitation bands provides the same type of information about antibody amount as the double immunodiffusion method. Slot or dot blotting is a technique whereby nucleic acids can be applied to a solid matrix, unfractionated, using a vacuum manifold. Introduction Spotting of DNAs or RNAs or proteins fractionated by gel electrophoresis on a nitrocellulose paper or nylon mesh is called Blotting or blot transfer. Le Dot Blot est une technique simplifiée de Western Blot, qui est principalement utilisée pour la détection de protéines. Fig. , antibodies or nucleic acid probes) to identify the presence or absence of. Western Blotting Technique Akansh Goel. IntroductionCommon techniques include: Southern blotting (DNA) , Northern blotting (RNA) , and immunoblotting (for protein; also known as Western blotting). Dot and slot blots differ only in the geometry of the blot, a series of spots giving a. Southern blotting Akansha Soni. For example,. Northern blotting was developed by Jamse Alwine and George Stark at Stanford University and was named such by analogy to Southern blotting. . • 5' end labeling of DNA (or RNA) is done. This plan clearly worked: GTA5 became the most profitable entertainment product of all time in 2018, with over $6 billion raised since its release, dot and slot blot ppt. Heslop-harrison It is a cytogenetic technique that allows the detection and localization of specific nucleic acid sequences on morphologically preserved chromosomes using genomic DNA. 1 ) Southern blotting ( to detect DNA ) 2 ) Northern blotting ( to detect RNA ) 3 ) Western blotting ( to detect protein ) 4. ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION-2022. Abstract. DNA-binding proteins control various cellular processes such as recombination, replication and transcription. This step is known as probing. Hybridization Procedures 1 Lecture- 22. In vitro techniques such as footprinting assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, southwestern blotting, yeast one-hybrid assay, phage display and proximity. The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a perfect example how viral infection could pose a great threat to global public health and economic sectors. Blotting techniques includes southren,northern,western and dot blotting bbmy. It enables detection of a target protein based on the use of specific antibodies. Protein blotting is an analytical method that. 5 μl), the solution can be applied directly with a capillary micropipette. Rinse membrane in 2X SSC. Blots are techniques for transferring DNA , RNA and proteins onto a carrier so they can be separated, and often follows the use of a gel electrophoresis. 6: Western blot / Immunoblot overview is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. nitrocellulose. Detection of signals using either X-ray film, scanners or a CCD, results in one or more visible proteins bands on. V. Blotting techniques are commonly used analytical tools which facilitates identification of desired DNA/RNA/ Protein fragments. Cell as basic unit of life ppt 88 slides. 2% and a specificity of 98. UV irradiation, covalently attach the nucleic. 6. Cont…. 1K views. B. 4. Southern blotting is a laboratory technique used to detect. The technique follows the steps: electrophoresis of cell extract (protein) in polyacrylamide gel; blotting of proteins on to nitrocellulose filter paper; hybridization of proteins by using radiolabelled antibodies (I 125 antibodies) of known structure; and detection of hybridized sequences by autoradiography. 5. 7K views•33 slides. Open in figure viewer PowerPoint. Dot Blots. The DNAs/RNAs to be probed are immobilized on a membrane and hybridized with a labeled DNA/RNA probe. Yet this staggering feat is also what both of my sources believe to be the main cause of delays to the casino’s implementation. Southern Blot •Southern blot hybridization is one of the most commonly used molecular techniques to detect specific DNA sequences using labeled probes. Proteins are typically separated by electrophoresis and transferred onto. Dot-blotting technique is particularly useful in obtaining quantitative data for the evaluation of gene expression. This dot assay was modified to detect protein by spotting the antigen on a nitrocellulose membrane and incubating the membrane in test antibody followed by incubation in peroxidase-conjugated second antibody to the first antibody,. 3. The name originates from a combination of ideas underlying. TYPES OF BLOTTING TECHNIQUES Blotting technique Southern Blot It is used to detect DNA. 14. A blot resulting from 1-dimensional SDS-PAGE reveals the molecular weight of the binding proteins. Leana Kirei. Thus, eastern blot can be considered an extension of the biochemical technique of western blot. Dot Blotting; SOUTHERN BLOTTING. Western blotting pppt sworna kumari chithiraivelu. The technique was named after its inventor, Edward M. 2K views. a cell lysate). 9K views•70 slides. The dot blot procedure is a well-validated technique, and its use is an alternative to avoiding the protein separation process although the equipment available. Types of blotting techniques 1 ) Southern blotting ( to detect DNA ) 2 ) Northern blotting ( to detect RNA ) 3 ) Western blotting ( to detect protein )Dot Blot protocol technique for detecting, analyzing, and identifying proteins, similar to the western blot technique but differing in that protein samples are not separated. similar to the western blot technique but differing in that protein samples are not separated electrophoretically but are spotted through circular templates directly onto the membrane or paper substrate. TOPIC 1. . Comparison of Southern, Northern, and Western analyses of Gene X. Western blotting is the counterpart which is used to detect proteins. Dot blotting Meenakshi Muthuswamy. 1 Citations Abstract The techniques of Southern and Northern blotting have become widely known and are extensively used in the study of molecular genetics. Huelen si sech déi neisten geschäftschaîne news vum calvin ayre. In the next step, an alkaline phosphatase (AP) labelled. 1586/14737159. individuals of each family were applied to dot blot assay with the optimized conditions. It represents a simplification of the western blot method, with the exception that the. 3. The dot blot, or slot blot, is a technique which can be used for the detection of viral antigens from. The cells can be rapidly lysed and directly spotted on the nitrocellulose membrane. Dec. Western blotting The western blot is a widely used analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a biological sample. Serial dilutions are recommended to determine the optimal amount. 4. Summary. Second, dot blot allows researchers to estimate the target protein concentration in a. 3. that is. Blotting techniques includes southren,northern,western and dot blotting. labeling techniques for nucleic acids. Dot blot is a technique for detecting, analyzing, and identifying proteins, similar to the western blot technique, but differing in that protein samples are not separated electrophoretically but are spotted through circular templates directly onto the membrane or paper substrate. Answer. 5K views•14 slides. bbmy. BLOTTING - Blotting techniques are what scientists use to separate these types of molecules. 3. NorthWestern Blot 6. Dot Blot works based on the immunodetection principle for identifying specific protein. of MBB&B, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar Lecture Title: Techniques used in Molecular Probing Agarose or Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis • When genomic DNA extracted from any tissue of a plant or animal species is digested with a restriction enzyme, it is cleaved into segments. Chromogenic western blot using 1-Step Ultra TMB-Blotting Solution. Southern Blot Definition. The difference lies in the visualization process. J. Our results therefore suggest that, direct DNA sequencing may be preferred over reverse dot-blot PCR in critical diagnostic situations like genetic counseling for prenatal diagnosis. If the sample is DNA, then it is known as a Southern blotFig 2 highlights several western blot image display practices that can omit information necessary to interpret western blots, like narrowly cropped blots to display only the band of interest [7–11], omitted molecular weight markers [9,10], and missing or poorly used molecular weight labels [8,10,11]. g. Kashyap karthikeyan M. definition Colony hybridization can define as the method for the isolation of the specific DNA sequences or genes from the bacterial cells containing hybrid DNA, by the means of a nitrocellulose membrane filter. Or • A northern blot is a method used to detect specific RNA molecules among a mixture of RNA and also be used to analyze a sample to measure the RNA. Steps in Southern Blotting 1. This review is aimed to summarize some of the most commonly used techniques to determine DNA–protein interactions.